The UK government is stepping up its climate action with the implementation of the UK Carbon Boundary Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) from 2027, further strengthening its role as a pioneer in the global push for carbon neutrality. The UK’s evolving policy system, termed ‘1+1+N+X’, serves as a comprehensive framework supporting this ambitious goal, positioning the nation as a leader in international climate strategy.
Evolving Phases of the UK’s Climate Strategy
From the early days of climate governance to the present push for net-zero, the UK’s approach has undergone significant transformation across four distinct phases:
- 1990-1999: Governance Initiation – The UK responded to the global call for climate governance established by the Kyoto Protocol, enacting critical legislation to combat severe air pollution and reform energy markets.
- 2000-2009: Governance Exploration – The UK pioneered the first national Emissions Trading System (UKETS) and established the Climate Change Act, underscoring its commitment to a low-carbon transition.
- 2010-2018: Reform and Transformation – Following the Paris Agreement, the UK revamped its energy and climate policies, notably through the formation of the Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and the release of the Clean Growth Strategy.
- 2019-Present: Net Zero Advancement – The UK legislated a net-zero emissions target by 2050, launching comprehensive policies such as the Ten-Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution.
Comprehensive Policy System: The ’1+1+N+X’ Framework
This framework outlines a multi-faceted approach consisting of one legislative document (the Climate Change Act), one top-level plan (the Ten-Point Plan for Green Industrial Revolution), numerous action plans, and various strategic consulting documents. This structure ensures a holistic and adaptable strategy, crucial for addressing the dynamic challenges of climate change.
Strategic Layers for Effective Implementation
The UK’s strategy operates across four layers, ensuring thorough planning and execution:
- Strategic Consultation – Engages think tanks and experts to tailor scientific advice to national needs.
- Strategic Decision-Making – Sets national policy directions and action programs.
- Strategy Implementation – Focuses on practical application through various governmental departments.
- External Evaluation – Involves third-party organizations in monitoring and refining policy impacts.
Organizational Mechanism and Policy Deployment
At the heart of the UK’s strategy is a coordinated effort between the government, competent agencies, the private sector, and think tanks. This collaboration ensures a seamless operation and robust support for strategic decisions, underpinned by a legally binding carbon neutrality target and a master plan for the next three decades.
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